Rising debt, fiscal deficits, and inflation could spark a bond market crisis, threatening economic growth, stock market stability, and the value of the US dollar, and prompting investors to take steps to mitigate potential risks.
Fiscal Policy and Bond Market Risks
Massive fiscal deficits since 2016 have led to a shift from austerity to fiscal expansion, with governments spending without limit and pro-cyclically, laying the seeds for future inflation and potential bond crises.
The US Treasury’s short-term T-bill issuance since the pandemic has created a huge reliance on short-term debt, intertwining Fed monetary policy with fiscal policy and limiting the Fed’s independence.
Fiscal QE, where governments borrow to finance spending, may lead to inflation, higher bond yields, risk asset sugar high, weaker dollar, and a potential developed market bond crisis.
Economic Indicators and Projections
The jobs market is expected to slow down, with cracks appearing in the labor market, potentially leading to a recession if not addressed.
Inflation outlook is expected to rise due to both structural and cyclical factors, with cyclical inflation picking up again after a period of decline.
Within 10 years, interest payments on US national debt are projected to account for almost 25% of tax revenues, increasing the risk of a sovereign debt crisis.
Market Dynamics and Investor Implications
The US bond market liquidity has deteriorated, with rising longer-term yields driven by term premium, as investors demand higher returns for fiscal policy risks.
20-25% of the US government’s interest bill goes to foreigners who may not reinvest in the US, potentially impacting liquidity and fiscal stability.
Even without a bond crisis, higher bond yields will eat up more tax revenues, grind economic growth, lower profit margins, and weaken the job market.
Government Strategies and Potential Solutions
The US government may resort to financial repression to stem rising borrowing costs by compelling domestic buyers to purchase debt through regulations.
The embrace of cryptocurrencies, specifically stablecoins, may be a strategy to increase demand for US debt by backing stablecoins with treasuries.
Global Economic Implications
Tariff burden sharing between the US and foreign countries is complex, with some nations potentially absorbing costs by reducing wholesale prices to importers.
The Treasury’s control over its account at the Fed (TGA) significantly impacts liquidity and inflation, as TGA changes affect system-wide liquidity.