Tariffs, while intended to protect domestic interests, ultimately harm consumers and the economy by raising prices, reducing competition, and fostering protectionism, leading to negative consequences such as trade wars and a consolidation of executive power.
Economic Impact
Tariffs, as taxes on imported goods, raise prices for 330 million US consumers while benefiting only a few domestic producers, creating a mathematically certain net loss for the economy.
The implementation of tariffs leads to deadweight losses and inefficiencies, as the gain to domestic producers is significantly less than the overall loss to consumers paying higher prices on everything.
While tariffs may protect weak domestic industries in the short term, they ultimately make them weaker by shielding them from international competition, resulting in reduced innovation and lower productivity.
Historical Perspective
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, passed during the Great Depression, triggered an international trade war that led to retaliatory measures and a complete collapse of global trade.
Low tariff periods in the 19th century, such as the two-decade decline before the Civil War, coincided with major technological innovations like the steam engine, while high tariffs did not spur growth in import-competing industries.
Political and Constitutional Implications
Constitutionally, the power to levy tariffs belongs to Congress, but much of it has been delegated to the president, leading to a blatant violation of the separation of powers principle.
Tariffs consolidate executive power by allowing the president to unilaterally impose them, increasing presidential authority at the expense of Congress, which has become supine in areas like war, trade, treaties, and budget.
Foreign Policy and Trade Relations
Tariffs are a poor foreign policy tool that can potentially make war more likely by escalating conflicts with nations, while economic sanctions, another form of tariffs, have also proven ineffective.
The implementation of tariffs creates a race to the bottom as trading partners retaliate, with the export industry suffering the most due to their inability to pass through tariff costs.
Supply Chain and Market Dynamics
Tariffs disrupt supply chains and trade, causing economic chaos, stock market downturns, and inefficiencies throughout the global economy.
Industries often lobby for protectionist measures in Washington, justifying tariffs as national security measures to protect sectors like microchips and rare earth metals, which can actually drive up prices and create corruption opportunities.
Tariffs are a contradictory tool for protection, as they reduce imports but also decrease tariff revenue by limiting the goods subject to tariffs, creating a complex economic balancing act.