The surge in homelessness in the U.S. is primarily driven by rising housing costs and ineffective policies, particularly in Blue States, necessitating a market-driven approach to housing that addresses the root causes of the issue.
Housing and Policy Challenges
Homelessness in the US increased by 18% nationally in 2024, with a 24% rise outside California, challenging the effectiveness of the “housing first” policy.
The monocausal explanation of homelessness based solely on housing costs is problematic, as it overlooks significant factors like substance abuse and mental illness.
Chronic Homelessness and Treatment
Chronic homelessness, accounting for 30% of the homeless population, is strongly linked to substance abuse and mental illness, requiring more than just housing solutions.
California’s harm reduction policies in Housing First, allowing addiction without mandatory treatment, have led to overdose deaths in permanent supportive housing, with over half of homeless overdose deaths occurring in these units.
Economic Factors and Housing Production
In California, overregulation has made building affordable housing unprofitable, leading developers to focus on luxury units and exacerbating the housing crisis.
Private sector housing production could help address homelessness, but housing activists often overlook the impact of regulations on construction costs and market-rate housing potential.
Regional Differences and Approaches
Decriminalization policies and low enforcement of theft laws in cities like San Francisco and Portland attract homeless drug users from other areas, with a study finding 60% of homeless people in San Francisco were from outside the state.
Texas’s approach of cheaper housing and emphasis on treatment for drug addiction and mental illness results in lower homelessness rates, with only 44% unsheltered compared to California’s 66%.